Main Article Content
Abstract
International trade is one of the fundamental ways to overcome the unequal distribution of goods or services to meet each country's needs. Nickel is a non-renewable natural resource, but its existence is always needed in various countries. Indonesia's decision to ban nickel ore in 2014 impacted the scarcity of nickel in importing countries. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian nickel ore commodities in the international market. Three variants of the approach in the form of X/M Ratio analysis techniques, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and Trade Specialization Index (TSP) are used to determine the value of competitiveness in the global market. This study uses secondary data in the form of time series data with a span of the last five years to describe the comparative advantage of Indonesian nickel ore from time to time. Meanwhile, in 2016 and 2020, it did not have an advantage due to the export ban policy by the Indonesian government. The Trade Specialization Index (TSP) approach found that in 2017, 2018, and 2019 Indonesia was at the stage of maturation of nickel ore exporters. This study suggests that the Indonesian government should optimize the production of nickel ore products that have been added to compete in the global market. Furthermore, the government must also be able to attract foreign investment to establish an iron ore smelter in Indonesia.
Article Details
References
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- Azis, V. A. A., & Abrianti, S. (2021). Analisis Terhadap Larangan Ekspor Bijih Nikel Kadar Rendah Berdasarkan Prinsip Restriksi Kuantitatif. Hukum Pidana Dan Pembangunan …, September.
- Bellino, E., & Fratini, S. M. (2021). Absolute advantages and capital mobility in international trade theory. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2021.1967418
- Contesa, M., Ningrum, S., & Rahmatunnisa, M. (2018). Smelter : Inkonsistensi Kebijakan , Kendala dan Dampak di Indonesia. Responsive, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/responsive.v1i1.19095
- Destiningsih, R., Sugiharti, R. R., Togar Laut, L., Nur Safiah, S., & Achsa, A. (2020). Competitiveness identification of fisheries export in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 530(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/530/1/012017
- Farrokhpay, S., Filippov, L., & Fornasiero, D. (2019). Pre-concentration of nickel in laterite ores using physical separation methods. Minerals Engineering, 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105892
- Febriyanti, D. F. (2019). PENGARUH EKSPOR DAN IMPOR TERHADAP PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO INDONESIA TAHUN 2008-2017. ECOPLAN : JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.20527/ecoplan.v2i1.13
- Gnidchenko, A. A., & Salnikov, V. A. (2015). Net Comparative Advantage Index: Overcoming the Drawbacks of the Existing Indices. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2709009
- Hanafi, M., Wibisono, D., Mangkusubroto, K., Siallagan, M., & Badriyah, M. J. K. (2019). Designing smelter industry investment competitiveness policy in Indonesia through system dynamics model. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-06-2018-0064
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- Kartikasari, D., & Khoirudin, R. (2022). Analisis Determinan Impor di Indonesia Periode 2011-2020. Ecoplan, 5(1), 72–86.
- Kathuria, L. M. (2018). Comparative advantages in clothing exports: India faces threat from competing nations. Competitiveness Review, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-01-2017-0010
- Kim, K., & Sumner, A. (2021). Bringing state-owned entities back into the industrial policy debate: The case of Indonesia. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.10.002
- Mardiana, M., Anisa, S. N., & Yuda, D. (2021). Produk Domestik Bruto dan Kurs Sebagai Determinan Impor Pupuk Indonesia. SOROT, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.31258/sorot.16.1.35-45
- Maryam, J., Banday, U. J., & Mittal, A. (2018). Trade intensity and revealed comparative advantage: an analysis of Intra-BRICS trade. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-09-2017-0365
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- Prasetiyo, P. (2017). Tidak sederhana mewujudkan industri pengolahan nikel laterit kadar rendah di Indonesia sehubungan dengan Undang-Undang Minerba 2009. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral Dan Batubara, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.30556/jtmb.vol12.no3.2016.139
- Putri, D. D. (2021). PROHIBITION OF EXPORTING NICKEL ORE TO THE EUROPEAN UNION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW. 1(February), 1–5.
- Putu, D., Kasih, D., Ketut, N., Dharmawan, S., Suksma, M., & Devi, P. (2021). Kedudukan Negara sebagai Pembeli dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdagangan Internasional. 3, 354–369.
- Q. I. A, Fang-gang. O., & Xue-yong, L. I. U. (2017). Study on International Nickel Ores Trade Evolution Rule based on Complex Network. Resources & Industries, 18(6), 92.
- Rahayu, S. W., & Sugianto, F. (2020). IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN DAN DISKRIMINASI PELARANGAN EKSPOR DAN IMPOR MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DAN BIJIH NIKEL TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA. DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v16i2.3439
- Satriawan, G. (2015). Kebijakan Indonesia Dalam Melarang Ekspor Mineral Mentah Tahun 2009-2014 (Studi Kasus: Larangan Ekspor Mineral Mentah Nikel ke Tiongkok). Jom FISIP, 2(2).
- Siahaan, D. M. T., Sagio, I., & Purwanti, E. (2021). Export Restrictions of Indonesian Nickel Ore Based on the Perspective of Quantitative Restriction Principles in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2021.v21.409-418
- van Vuuren, D. P., Strengers, B. J., & de Vries, H. J. M. (1999). Long-term perspectives on world metal use-a system-dynamics model. Resources Policy, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4207(99)00031-8
- Wang, X., Wang, A., Zhong, W., Zhu, D., & Wang, C. (2022). Analysis of international nickel flow based on the industrial chain. Resources Policy, 77, 102729.
- Widiatedja, I. G. N. P. (2021). Indonesia’s export ban on nickel ore: Does it violate the world trade organization (wto) rules? Journal of World Trade, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2021028
- Zheng, S., Zhou, X., Zhao, P., Xing, W., Han, Y., Hao, H., & Luo, W. (2022). Impact of countries’ role on trade prices from a nickel chain perspective: Based on complex network and panel regression analysis. Resources Policy, 78, 102930.
- Zhou, X., ZHANG, H. U. A., Zheng, S., Xing, W., Yang, H., & Zhao, Y. (n.d.). A Study on the Transmission of Trade Behavior of Global Nickel Products from the Perspective of the Industrial Chain. Available at SSRN 4140005.
- Zhou, X., Zheng, S., Zhang, H., Liu, Q., Xing, W., Li, X., Han, Y., & Zhao, P. (2022). Risk Transmission of Trade Price Fluctuations from a Nickel Chain Perspective: Based on Systematic Risk Entropy and Granger Causality Networks. Entropy, 24(9), 1221.
References
Anbiyak, N., & Cahyaningrum, T. (2021). IDENTIFIKASI ZONA KAYA KOBALT PADA CEBAKAN NIKEL LATERIT DI INDONESIA. Indonesian Mining Professionals Journal, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.36986/impj.v2i2.38
Azis, V. A. A., & Abrianti, S. (2021). Analisis Terhadap Larangan Ekspor Bijih Nikel Kadar Rendah Berdasarkan Prinsip Restriksi Kuantitatif. Hukum Pidana Dan Pembangunan …, September.
Bellino, E., & Fratini, S. M. (2021). Absolute advantages and capital mobility in international trade theory. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2021.1967418
Contesa, M., Ningrum, S., & Rahmatunnisa, M. (2018). Smelter : Inkonsistensi Kebijakan , Kendala dan Dampak di Indonesia. Responsive, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/responsive.v1i1.19095
Destiningsih, R., Sugiharti, R. R., Togar Laut, L., Nur Safiah, S., & Achsa, A. (2020). Competitiveness identification of fisheries export in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 530(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/530/1/012017
Farrokhpay, S., Filippov, L., & Fornasiero, D. (2019). Pre-concentration of nickel in laterite ores using physical separation methods. Minerals Engineering, 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105892
Febriyanti, D. F. (2019). PENGARUH EKSPOR DAN IMPOR TERHADAP PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO INDONESIA TAHUN 2008-2017. ECOPLAN : JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.20527/ecoplan.v2i1.13
Gnidchenko, A. A., & Salnikov, V. A. (2015). Net Comparative Advantage Index: Overcoming the Drawbacks of the Existing Indices. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2709009
Hanafi, M., Wibisono, D., Mangkusubroto, K., Siallagan, M., & Badriyah, M. J. K. (2019). Designing smelter industry investment competitiveness policy in Indonesia through system dynamics model. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-06-2018-0064
Ito, A., Otake, T., Maulana, A., Sanematsu, K., Sufriadin, & Sato, T. (2021). Geochemical constraints on the mobilization of Ni and critical metals in laterite deposits, Sulawesi, Indonesia: A mass-balance approach. Resource Geology, 71(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/rge.12266
Kartikasari, D., & Khoirudin, R. (2022). Analisis Determinan Impor di Indonesia Periode 2011-2020. Ecoplan, 5(1), 72–86.
Kathuria, L. M. (2018). Comparative advantages in clothing exports: India faces threat from competing nations. Competitiveness Review, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-01-2017-0010
Kim, K., & Sumner, A. (2021). Bringing state-owned entities back into the industrial policy debate: The case of Indonesia. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.10.002
Mardiana, M., Anisa, S. N., & Yuda, D. (2021). Produk Domestik Bruto dan Kurs Sebagai Determinan Impor Pupuk Indonesia. SOROT, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.31258/sorot.16.1.35-45
Maryam, J., Banday, U. J., & Mittal, A. (2018). Trade intensity and revealed comparative advantage: an analysis of Intra-BRICS trade. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-09-2017-0365
Nakajima, K., Daigo, I., Nansai, K., Matsubae, K., Takayanagi, W., Tomita, M., & Matsuno, Y. (2018). Global distribution of material consumption: Nickel, copper, and iron. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.029
Nizar, M. A. (2013). PENGARUH PARIWISATA TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia, 8(3 (September)).
Panova, Y., Aubakirov, Y., & Arbag, H. (2021). Selection of sorption materials for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from the ore of the Gornostaevskoye deposit. Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, 3. https://doi.org/10.15328/cb1180
Prasetiyo, P. (2017). Tidak sederhana mewujudkan industri pengolahan nikel laterit kadar rendah di Indonesia sehubungan dengan Undang-Undang Minerba 2009. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral Dan Batubara, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.30556/jtmb.vol12.no3.2016.139
Putri, D. D. (2021). PROHIBITION OF EXPORTING NICKEL ORE TO THE EUROPEAN UNION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW. 1(February), 1–5.
Putu, D., Kasih, D., Ketut, N., Dharmawan, S., Suksma, M., & Devi, P. (2021). Kedudukan Negara sebagai Pembeli dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdagangan Internasional. 3, 354–369.
Q. I. A, Fang-gang. O., & Xue-yong, L. I. U. (2017). Study on International Nickel Ores Trade Evolution Rule based on Complex Network. Resources & Industries, 18(6), 92.
Rahayu, S. W., & Sugianto, F. (2020). IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN DAN DISKRIMINASI PELARANGAN EKSPOR DAN IMPOR MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DAN BIJIH NIKEL TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA. DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v16i2.3439
Satriawan, G. (2015). Kebijakan Indonesia Dalam Melarang Ekspor Mineral Mentah Tahun 2009-2014 (Studi Kasus: Larangan Ekspor Mineral Mentah Nikel ke Tiongkok). Jom FISIP, 2(2).
Siahaan, D. M. T., Sagio, I., & Purwanti, E. (2021). Export Restrictions of Indonesian Nickel Ore Based on the Perspective of Quantitative Restriction Principles in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2021.v21.409-418
van Vuuren, D. P., Strengers, B. J., & de Vries, H. J. M. (1999). Long-term perspectives on world metal use-a system-dynamics model. Resources Policy, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4207(99)00031-8
Wang, X., Wang, A., Zhong, W., Zhu, D., & Wang, C. (2022). Analysis of international nickel flow based on the industrial chain. Resources Policy, 77, 102729.
Widiatedja, I. G. N. P. (2021). Indonesia’s export ban on nickel ore: Does it violate the world trade organization (wto) rules? Journal of World Trade, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2021028
Zheng, S., Zhou, X., Zhao, P., Xing, W., Han, Y., Hao, H., & Luo, W. (2022). Impact of countries’ role on trade prices from a nickel chain perspective: Based on complex network and panel regression analysis. Resources Policy, 78, 102930.
Zhou, X., ZHANG, H. U. A., Zheng, S., Xing, W., Yang, H., & Zhao, Y. (n.d.). A Study on the Transmission of Trade Behavior of Global Nickel Products from the Perspective of the Industrial Chain. Available at SSRN 4140005.
Zhou, X., Zheng, S., Zhang, H., Liu, Q., Xing, W., Li, X., Han, Y., & Zhao, P. (2022). Risk Transmission of Trade Price Fluctuations from a Nickel Chain Perspective: Based on Systematic Risk Entropy and Granger Causality Networks. Entropy, 24(9), 1221.